2024-03-29T13:35:42Z
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/cgi/oai2
oai:researchonline.jcu.edu.au:70921
2024-03-05T14:23:24Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D626F6F6B5F73656374696F6E
Reducing emissions from tropical deforestation and forest degradation
Graham, Victoria
Nurhidayah, Laely
Astuti, Rini
Forests are an integral element of life on earth. Providing oxygen to breathe, watershed protection, erosion control, carbon storage, and opportunities for people to connect with nature. Science warns us that at the rate forests are being destroyed, humans will alter the planet so significantly, that many lives (human and other species) will be extirpated. Recognition of the true value of forests, for their carbon storage function, is driving global agreements and policies to promote emissions reductions from land use across all biomes, but particularly in the tropics. Sizable levels of financial support have been directed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, in the scope of USD 1.1-2.7 billion per year. But is this enough? This level of investment is still dwarfed by income from timber, agriculture, mining and palm oil cultivationdkey drivers of tropical forest loss. We describe opportunities for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, discuss risks in measuring emissions reductions and draw attention to key political, social and environmental challenges from a regional perspective of Southeast Asia; a region in the spotlight for the mass expansion of oil palm plantations and polluting wildfires.
Elsevier
Goldstein, Michael
DellaSala, Dominick A.
2020
Book Chapter
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/70921/1/70921.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11928-1
Graham, Victoria, Nurhidayah, Laely, and Astuti, Rini (2020) Reducing emissions from tropical deforestation and forest degradation. In: Goldstein, Michael, and DellaSala, Dominick A., (eds.) Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 260-268.
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/70921/
restricted
oai:researchonline.jcu.edu.au:76553
2024-03-01T14:15:32Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
74797065733D61727469636C65
One year of spectroscopic high-frequency measurements of atmospheric CO2, CH4, H2O and δ13C-CO2 at an Australian Savanna site
Munksgaard, Niels C.
Lee, Ickjai
Napier, Thomas
Zwart, Costijn
Cernusak, Lucas A.
Bird, Michael I.
We provide a 1-year dataset of atmospheric surface CO2, CH4 and H2O concentrations and δ13C-CO2 values from an Australian savanna site. These semi-arid ecosystems act as carbon sinks in wet years but the persistence of the sink in dry years is uncertain. The dataset can be used to constrain uncertainties in modelling of greenhouse gas budgets, improve algorithms for satellite measurements and characterize the role of vegetation and soil in modulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We found pronounced seasonal variations in daily mean CO2 concentrations with an increase (by 5–7 ppmv) after the first rainfall of the wet season in early December with peak concentrations maintained until late January. The CO2 increase reflected the initiation of rapid microbial respiration from soil and vegetation sources upon initial wetting. As the wet season progressed, daily CO2 concentrations were variable, but generally decreased back to dry season levels as CO2 assimilation by photosynthesis increased. Mean daily concentrations of CH4 increased in the wet season by up to 0.2 ppmv relative to dry season levels as the soil profile became waterlogged after heavy rainfall events. During the dry season there was regular cycling between maximum CO2/minimum δ13C-CO2 at night and minimum CO2/maximum δ13C-CO2 during the day. In the wet season diel patterns were less regular in response to variable cloud cover and rainfall. CO2 isotope data showed that in the wet season, surface CO2 was predominantly a two-component mixture influenced by C3 plant assimilation (day) and soil/plant respiration (night), while regional background air from higher altitudes represented an additional CO2 source in the dry season. Higher wind speeds during the dry season increased vertical mixing compared to the wet season. In addition, night-time advection of high-altitude air during low temperature conditions also promoted mixing in the dry season.
John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2023
Article
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/76553/1/76553.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.180
Munksgaard, Niels C., Lee, Ickjai, Napier, Thomas, Zwart, Costijn, Cernusak, Lucas A., and Bird, Michael I. (2023) One year of spectroscopic high-frequency measurements of atmospheric CO2, CH4, H2O and δ13C-CO2 at an Australian Savanna site. Geoscience Data Journal. (In Press)
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/76553/
open
oai:researchonline.jcu.edu.au:77873
2023-03-10T19:30:07Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
Remote sensing for cost-effective blue carbon accounting
Malerba, Martino E.
Duarte de Paula Costa, Micheli
Friess, Daniel A.
Schuster, Lukas
Young, Mary A.
Lagomasimo, David
Serrano, Oscar
Hickey, Sharyn M.
York, Paul H.
Rasheed, Michael
Lefcheck, Jonathan
Radford, Ben
Atwood, Trisha
Ierodiaconou, Daniel
Macreadie, Peter
Blue carbon ecosystems (BCE) include mangrove forests, tidal marshes, and seagrass meadows, all of which are currently under threat, putting their contribution to mitigating climate change at risk. Although certain challenges and trade-offs exist, remote sensing offers a promising avenue for transparent, replicable, and cost-effective accounting of many BCE at unprecedented temporal and spatial scales. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has issued guidelines for developing blue carbon inventories to incorporate into Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Yet, there is little guidance on remote sensing techniques for monitoring, reporting, and verifying blue carbon assets. This review constructs a unified roadmap for applying remote sensing technologies to develop cost-effective carbon inventories for BCE – from local to global scales. We summarise and discuss (1) current standard guidelines for blue carbon inventories; (2) traditional and cutting-edge remote sensing technologies for mapping blue carbon habitats; (3) methods for translating habitat maps into carbon estimates; and (4) a decision tree to assist users in determining the most suitable approach depending on their areas of interest, budget, and required accuracy of blue carbon assessment. We designed this work to support UNFCCC-approved IPCC guidelines with specific recommendations on remote sensing techniques for GHG inventories. Overall, remote sensing technologies are robust and cost-effective tools for monitoring, reporting, and verifying blue carbon assets and projects. Increased appreciation of these techniques can promote a technological shift towards greater policy and industry uptake, enhancing the scalability of blue carbon as a Natural Climate Solution worldwide.
Elsevier
2023
Article
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/77873/1/Malerba%20et%20al.%202023_Remote%20Sensing%20Blue%20Carbon%20habitatspdf.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104337
Malerba, Martino E., Duarte de Paula Costa, Micheli, Friess, Daniel A., Schuster, Lukas, Young, Mary A., Lagomasimo, David, Serrano, Oscar, Hickey, Sharyn M., York, Paul H., Rasheed, Michael, Lefcheck, Jonathan, Radford, Ben, Atwood, Trisha, Ierodiaconou, Daniel, and Macreadie, Peter (2023) Remote sensing for cost-effective blue carbon accounting. Earth-Science Reviews, 238. 104337.
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/77873/
open
oai:researchonline.jcu.edu.au:78855
2024-03-05T14:52:32Z
7374617475733D707562
74797065733D61727469636C65
Groundwater discharge drives water quality and greenhouse gas emissions in a tidal wetland
Wang, Zhi-lin
Sadat-Noori, Mahmood
Glamore, William
Wetlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle as they can be sources or sinks for greenhouse gases. Groundwater discharge into wetlands can affect the water chemistry and act as a source of dissolved greenhouse gases, including CO2 and CH4. In this study, surface water quality parameters and CO2 and CH4 concentrations were evaluated in a tidal wetland (Hunter Wetlands National Park, Australia) using time series measurements. Radon (222Rn), a natural groundwater tracer, was used to investigate the role of groundwater as a pathway for transporting dissolved CO2 and CH4 into the wetland. In addition, water-to-air CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the wetland were also estimated. The results showed a high concentration of radon in wetland surface water, indicating the occurrence of groundwater discharge. Radon concentration had a strong negative relationship with water depth with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.7, indicating that tidal pumping was the main driver of groundwater discharge to the wetland. Radon concentration also showed a positive relationship with CO2 and CH4 concentrations (R2 = 0.4 and 0.5, respectively), while the time series data revealed that radon, CO2, and CH4 concentrations peaked concurrently during low tides. This implied that groundwater discharge was a source of CO2 and CH4 to the wetland. The wetland had an average water-to-air CO2 flux of 99.1 mmol/(m2·d), twice higher than the global average CO2 flux from wetlands. The average CH4 flux from the wetland was estimated to be 0.3 mmol/(m2·d), which is at the higher end of the global CH4 flux range for wetlands. The results showed that groundwater discharge could be an important, yet unaccounted source of CO2 and CH4 to tidal wetlands. This work has implications for tidal wetland carbon budgets and emphasizes the role of groundwater as a subsurface pathway for carbon transport.
Elsevier
2022
Article
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/78855/1/78855.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2022.02.005
Wang, Zhi-lin, Sadat-Noori, Mahmood, and Glamore, William (2022) Groundwater discharge drives water quality and greenhouse gas emissions in a tidal wetland. Water Science and Engineering, 15 (2). pp. 141-151.
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/78855/
open