Cancer-related lymphoedema in males: a literature review

Abstract

Secondary lymphoedema (SL) is an under-recognised sequelae to cancer treatment and surgery. The current evidence for SL is based on females. Despite this, cancer risks in males and current projections of male-related cancers are increasing. A literature review was undertaken on males with SL which identified a paucity of research, large variations in prevalence, incidence and diagnostic criteria, length of follow-up and low quality of available research. Findings support the need for further high-quality studies investigating the male population with SL using a defined and accepted criteria for identification.